Friday, February 28, 2020

Nature in the Dystopian Environment

Nature in The The Hunger Games
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       In literature, nature typically represents and symbolizes a wide range of themes including freedom, life, and wilderness. In The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins, nature is present throughout all three novels and informs the reader on the relationships between Katniss, the other characters and districts, and technology. 


The 13 Districts of Panem
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The 13 districts were originally established based on the environments and landmarks surrounding the area. District 12 mines coal because they were given the Appalachian area. District 4 controls fishing because they were given a large chunk of the coastline. The environment played a huge role in establishing the identities of the individual districts, a notion which relates to the theory of new materialism as described by Jane Bennett in her book Vibrant Matter.


       
Vibrant Matter by Jane Bennett.
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New materialism states that since everything and everyone is made of the same substances, there should be no vertical hierarchy claiming that there is "human uniqueness in the eyes of God" (Bennett, 2010, 10). Everything, organic and non organic, has thing-power, and thus everything has independence and value simply by existing. According to Bennett, everything is valuable because everything can have an effect on anything else. For example, she describes the effect that certain parts of trash have on not only the surrounding trash, but on her ability to recognize, perceive, and process it (Bennett, 2010). 




      In The Hunger Games, nature plays a role that is equally as influential as that of Katniss or Peeta. For Katniss, nature represents safety and shelter because Katniss knows how to survive in the wild. When she is in district 12, she escapes to the nature outside the fence as a way to leave behind the atrocities of life inside the district itself. However, during the Games, while Katniss manages to survive in the wild, nature inevitably begins to have negative effects on her. She is burned by the forest fire, she is stung by tracker jackers, the freezing air threatens to kill her every night, and she struggles to find water and fears dying of thirst. The environment in The Hunger Games is particularly interesting because it also represents the relationship between nature and machine. While to Katniss it appears as if the wilderness she is in is having these negative effects on her, it is near impossible for her to know which effects are natural and which are machinations from the Game-makers. 


      While Katniss runs from the other tributes who are hunting her down to kill her, the elements of the dystopian environment in which she struggles to survive could very well kill her first. Her environment, the nature and wilderness she is placed in, has its own agency separate from Katniss and the other tributes, and even from the Game-makers. In the first two books, Katniss is in her element in nature and the wilderness. However, in Mockingjay, Katniss flees the wilderness and is either underground with District 13 or is in the Capitol, a city lacking in nature and comprised almost entirely of technology, buildings, and stone. This environment too has an effect on Katniss, because it causes her to have to develop new skills outside of the survival skills she developed in nature. This dichotomy, pictured below, impacts Katniss' state of mind when she is forced to not only try and adapt but thrive outside of her comfort zone in nature.
The Wilderness of District 12
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The City Circle in the Capitol
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/revision/latest?cb=20120317000759
       

       In The Hunger Games series, nature holds a great deal of power over the characters because of its agency. Without nature, Katniss would have starved long before the series even began because nature provided her with food, in both animal form and plant form. Nature allowed her to developed the skills she needed to survive the Hunger Games themselves, which ultimately led to the beginning of the Rebellion led by President Coin with Katniss as its Mockingjay and face. It is often easy to forget about the significance of the environment in novels because the readers are so focused on the characters. However, Jane Bennett argues in Vibrant Matter that the environment, and every other non organic object, is equally as important as the people because ultimately, everything is the same. As a result, while Katniss is crucial in defeating the Capitol, so is the nature that surrounds her in the dystopian environment and world of The Hunger Games. The nature in The Hunger Games has the ability to revive, maintain life, or destroy life, as seen in the clip below. 

                                                                                              Katniss Running From Forest Fire
                                                                https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bM9ycudAL-k


Friday, February 14, 2020

Creating Manipulative Environments Through Ideology and Hegemony in "The Hunger Games"

The Hunger Games Trilogy.
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        There are many complex factors which contribute to the manipulation of the public in dystopian novels such as The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. Specific ideologies, hegemony, and the use of the surrounding environment and space help the leadership, specifically Presidents Snow and Coin, manipulate and control the members of the districts.


       Ideology comes in many forms, but at its core it is the process through which a set of beliefs and values become normalized in a society (O'Brien & Szeman, 2017). President Snow and the Capitol spread the ideology that the Capitol is the sovereign leader over the districts and that the districts should not only surrender to the Capitol, but ought to be grateful to be under its leadership. 

Hierarchy of Panem.
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Diagram.png/500px-CapitolPowerDiagram.png


The Capitol carefully crafted a hierarchy that encompasses both the social and economic contributions of the districts, and as a result, the ideology of colonialism is spread over the districts, as discussed by Connors in his article about Panopticism


This hierarchy lends itself to the establishment of cultural hegemony, which is when the dominant group exercises control over the weaker group(s), specifically through the use of cultural and/or ideological means (O'Brien & Szeman, 2017). In The Hunger Games, President Snow demonstrated cultural hegemony over the districts through his limitations on the space in which members of the districts may occupy. The sovereignty of the Capitol, and of President Snow, was made obvious through his use of physical torture (i.e. Gale's whipping in the square) as well as his use of surveillance. These spectacles were designed to elicit "feelings of terror in those who witness them" and thus further increased Snow's sovereignty and power (Connors, 2014, 92). 


Snow vs Coin
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While President Coin, the leader of the rebellion and district 13, was supposedly a good leader and on the right side of the war, she nevertheless shared some of Snow's tactics and manipulations. For example, she engaged in actions that furthered her sovereignty over the rebellion, such as forcing the people of district 13 and their guests to consent to constant limitations on their freedoms and to obedience for fear of punishment. Coin was willing to sacrifice Katniss, the mockingjay, in order to benefit the rebellion as much as possible. Thus, there were little differences between Snow and Coin, a similarity which resulted in Katniss assassinating Coin.

        
       Both Snow and Coin manipulated their environments to maintain power and control over their "subjects." The environment provided both leaders with the opportunity to exercise total control over others by limiting the amount of space their people could occupy. For example, Snow refused to allow the districts to wander outside of the fences around each district, and they were not allowed communication with other districts. Coin, in a similar manner, kept her rebels underground in the new district 13 and refused to allow anyone to go anywhere unless they had express permission from their commanding officer. This was seen when Katniss wanted to go to the front lines in Mockingjay: Part 2 and Coin steadfastly refused to allow her to go beyond the space already provided for her. Snow and Coin believed that by manipulating space, they would be able to strengthen their power and hegemony over others. 
President Snow Watching Katniss
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According to Foucault and his theory of Panopticism, merely the fear of being watched can often be enough to maintain order and power over someone (Foucault, 1975). The members of the districts never knew when Snow was watching them, and thus Katniss lived in fear that Snow is watching her every move and would kill her family. Snow was able to use the environment for his power and gain by not only hiding cameras in the environment so that were hidden, but also through the development of muttations such as the jabber jays and tracker jackers. 


         Even though Coin was supposedly the good guy, she nevertheless fell prey to power and grew as corrupt as Snow when she wanted to hold a Hunger Games with the children of the Capitol officials. Collins showed that it does not matter whether someone is on the right or the wrong side; what matters are the intentions, the corruption, and the use of manipulation to garner power. In the end, the actions of both Snow and Coin got them killed, as evident in the following clip, and it is the responsibility of everyone to hold others accountable and to analyze the actions and intentions of those in power so that corruption may be avoided as much as possible.


References

Connors, S. (2014). The politics of Panem: Challenging genres. Retrieved from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-AtB_Apqjn6CBfouLe84upIzWsIQWz6i/view
Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Retrieved from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j1yfio2Nup5ABbfTjvC3OzzCt0cc6qQ1/view
O’Brien, S., & Szeman, I. (2017). Popular culture: A user’s guide. doi: 10.1002/9781119140399